{"@context":["https://w3id.org/fdo/context/v1",{"schema":"https://schema.org/","prov":"http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#","fdo":"https://w3id.org/fdo/vocabulary/"}],"@id":"https://fdo.portal.mardi4nfdi.de/fdo/Q762415","@type":"DigitalObject","kernel":{"@id":"https://fdo.portal.mardi4nfdi.de/fdo/Q762415","digitalObjectType":"https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle","primaryIdentifier":"mardi:Q762415","kernelVersion":"v1","immutable":true,"modified":"2026-01-05T20:29:43Z"},"profile":{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"ScholarlyArticle","@id":"https://portal.mardi4nfdi.de/entity/Q762415","name":"Orlicz spaces and modular spaces","headline":"Orlicz spaces and modular spaces","description":"scientific article; zbMATH DE number 3888333","url":"https://portal.mardi4nfdi.de/entity/Q762415","datePublished":"1983-00-00","author":[{"@id":"https://portal.mardi4nfdi.de/entity/Q207689"}],"publisher":[{"@id":"https://portal.mardi4nfdi.de/entity/Q163387"}],"identifier":{"@type":"PropertyValue","propertyID":"doi","value":"10.1007/BFB0072210","url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/BFB0072210"},"sameAs":["https://doi.org/10.1007/BFB0072210"],"comment":"The author has played a central role in the development of the theory of modular spaces for more than twenty years by now. These lecture notes are a survey on that theory. A modular \\(\\rho\\) on a vector space X is a map \\(\\rho: Y\\to [0,+\\infty]\\) verifying \\(\\rho (x)=0\\Leftrightarrow x=0\\) and \\(\\rho (\\lambda x+(1-\\lambda)y)\\leq \\rho (x)+\\rho (y)\\) for \\(0\\leq \\lambda \\leq 1\\). The associated modular space is the vector space \\(X_{\\rho}=\\{x\\in X:\\rho (\\lambda x)\\to 0\\quad as\\quad \\lambda \\to 0\\}.\\) \\(X_{\\rho}\\) is endowed with a linear metrizable (normable when \\(\\rho\\) is convex) topology: for that topology, \\(x_ k\\to 0\\) iff \\(\\rho (\\lambda x_ k)\\to 0\\) for every \\(\\lambda >0\\). Replacing ''every'' by ''some'' we get a weaker type of convergence, the ''modular convergence''.    After a few generalities (e.g. conjugate modular on the dual space qhwn \\(\\rho\\) is convex, modular on a tensor product...) come the main examples, namely the ''generalized Orlicz spaces'' \\(L^{\\phi}(\\Omega,\\Sigma,\\mu)\\), modular spaces of (\\(\\mu\\)-classes of) measurable functions on the measure space (\\(\\Omega\\),\\(\\Sigma\\),\\(\\mu)\\) associated to the modular \\(\\rho (x)=\\int_{\\Omega}\\phi (t,| x(t)|)d\\mu (t),\\) where \\(\\phi\\) (t,u) is a non-negative function defined on \\(\\Omega \\times {\\mathbb{R}}_+\\), measurable with respect to t, increasing and continuous with respect to u, null only for \\(u=0\\). When \\(\\phi\\) is convex in u, \\(L^{\\phi}\\) is a Banach space. The above mentioned modular convergence is useful when \\(\\phi\\) does not verify the so-called \\(''\\Delta_ 2\\) condition''. Several results are presented, which are generally well known for classical Orlicz spaces, and were generalized more or less recently to the spaces \\(L^{\\phi}\\) where \\(\\phi\\) depends on the integration variable: when \\(\\phi\\) is convex, characterization of the dual of \\(L^{\\phi}\\); condition of uniform convexity; interpolation theorem of Riesz-Thorin type for sublinear or linear operators \\(P: L^{\\phi_ i}\\to L^{\\psi_ i}\\), \\(i=0,1\\); when \\(\\Omega\\) is a measurable subset of \\({\\mathbb{R}}^ n\\) and \\(\\mu\\) is the Lebesgue measure, study of the translation operators \\(x(t)\\to x(t- v)\\), of the convolution operators with kernels \\(K_ w\\), and compacity criteria in \\(L^{\\phi}\\). Let us notice that the author's hypotheses seem to be sometimes superfluous. For instance, \\(L^{\\phi}(\\Omega,\\Sigma,\\mu)\\) is complete, without assuming \\(\\mu\\) \\(\\sigma\\)-finite: it suffices to observe that every function \\(x\\in L^{\\phi}\\) is null outside some set of \\(\\sigma\\)-finite measure.    Other examples of modular spaces are considered, such as Orlicz-Sobolev spaces, or the spaces of functions of finite generalized variation.    The last chapters are devoted to the investigation of modulars associated in a natural way to a given family of modulars. For example, to a sequence of modulars \\(\\rho_ n\\), \\(n\\geq 1\\), on a vector space X, is associated the modular \\(\\rho_ 0=\\sup_{n}\\rho_ n\\), and also a modular \\(\\rho\\), such that \\(X_{\\rho}=\\cap_{n}X_{\\rho_ n}\\) with the projective limit topology. This is applied to spaces of infinitely differentiable functions, with \\(\\rho\\) \\({}_ n(x)=\\int \\phi (D^ nx),\\) where \\(\\phi\\) is a convex Orlicz function: a characterization of the subspace \\(X_{\\rho_ 0}\\) of \\(X_{\\rho}\\) is given. Another example is furnished by the Hardy-Orlicz spaces \\(H^{\\phi}\\) of analytic functions in the open disk, with the modular \\(\\rho_ o(x)=\\sup_{r}\\rho (r,x)\\), where \\(\\rho (r,x)=\\int^{2\\pi}_{0}\\phi (| x(re^{it})|)dt/2\\pi,\\) \\(0<r<1\\). Here \\(\\phi\\) is logarithmically convex, not necessarily convex. We may cite also a modular space \\(Y^{\\rho}\\) associated to the integral equation  \\[  x(t)=a\\int_{\\Omega}k(t,s,| x(s)|)d\\mu (s)+x_ 0(t)  \\]  where k(t,s,u), t,s in \\(\\Omega\\), \\(u\\in {\\mathbb{R}}_+\\), is a convex Orlicz function with respect to u. We have a family of modulars \\(\\rho (t,x)=\\int_{\\Omega}k(t,s,| x(s)|)d\\mu (s),\\) \\(t\\in \\Omega\\), and \\(\\rho\\) is given by \\(\\rho (x)=\\int_{\\Omega}\\rho (t,x)d\\mu (t).\\) The functions \\(x_ 0\\) and x lie in \\(X_{\\rho}\\). There is a theorem of existence and unicity of the solution x. Let us mention also a problem of approximation of functions by non-linear singular integrals, formulated in terms of families of modulars.    Helpful historical comments are gathered at the end of the volume."},"provenance":{"prov:generatedAtTime":"2026-01-05T20:29:43Z","prov:wasAttributedTo":"MaRDI Knowledge Graph"}}