{"@context":["https://w3id.org/fdo/context/v1",{"schema":"https://schema.org/","prov":"http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#","fdo":"https://w3id.org/fdo/vocabulary/"}],"@id":"https://fdo.portal.mardi4nfdi.de/fdo/Q697656","@type":"DigitalObject","kernel":{"@id":"https://fdo.portal.mardi4nfdi.de/fdo/Q697656","digitalObjectType":"https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle","primaryIdentifier":"mardi:Q697656","kernelVersion":"v1","immutable":true,"modified":"2026-01-03T06:52:31Z"},"profile":{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"ScholarlyArticle","@id":"https://portal.mardi4nfdi.de/entity/Q697656","name":"A functional analysis approach to Arnold diffusion","headline":"A functional analysis approach to Arnold diffusion","description":"scientific article; zbMATH DE number 1801792","url":"https://portal.mardi4nfdi.de/entity/Q697656","datePublished":"2002-09-17","author":[{"@id":"https://portal.mardi4nfdi.de/entity/Q171822"},{"@id":"https://portal.mardi4nfdi.de/entity/Q592120"}],"publisher":[{"@id":"https://portal.mardi4nfdi.de/entity/Q171244"}],"identifier":{"@type":"PropertyValue","propertyID":"doi","value":"10.1016/S0294-1449(01)00084-1","url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/S0294-1449(01)00084-1"},"sameAs":["https://doi.org/10.1016/S0294-1449(01)00084-1"],"comment":"This paper is devoted to the study of instabilities in Hamiltonian near-integrable systems in the particular case of the quasi-periodically forced pendulum. The system is given by the Hamiltonian function  \\[  \\mathcal H_\\mu =\\omega \\cdot I +\\frac{p^2}{2}+(\\cos q -1)+\\mu f(\\varphi, q),  \\]  where \\((\\varphi, q)\\in \\mathbb T^n \\times {\\mathbb T}^1\\) are the angle variables, \\((I,p)\\in {\\mathbb T}^n \\times {\\mathbb T}^1\\) are the action variables, \\(\\mu\\geq 0\\) is a small real parameter, and \\(\\omega\\in \\mathbb T^n\\) is the frequency vector. The corresponding system can be written as  \\[  -\\ddot q +\\sin q =\\mu\\sin q\\;f(\\omega t+A, q), \\]  where \\(A\\in \\mathbb R^n\\) is a constant.   The main result of the paper is the following theorem: Suppose that the frequency vector \\(\\omega\\) is Diophantine, and the Poincaré-Melnikov function  \\[  M(A) = \\int_{\\mathbb R} [f(\\omega t +A, 0)-f(\\omega t +A ,q_0(t))]dt,  \\]  with \\(q_0(t)=4\\arctan(\\exp t)\\) being the unperturbed separatrix of the pendulum, posesses a proper minimum or maximum. Then, for \\(\\mu\\) small enough, there are orbits whose action variables \\(I\\) undergo a drift of order one under the time interval O\\(((1/\\mu)\\log (1/\\mu))\\).  It was known before that in initially unstable systems, of which the above system is an example, instability can develop over a polynomial time. The above theorem gives the best known estimate on the speed of diffusion. The authors give a detailed proof for the case when \\(f\\) is independent of \\(q\\), and explain the modifications needed for the general case.","citation":[{"@id":"https://portal.mardi4nfdi.de/entity/Q1384722"},{"@id":"https://portal.mardi4nfdi.de/entity/Q4308067"},{"@id":"https://portal.mardi4nfdi.de/entity/Q5508817"},{"@id":"https://portal.mardi4nfdi.de/entity/Q1570422"},{"@id":"https://portal.mardi4nfdi.de/entity/Q4705752"},{"@id":"https://portal.mardi4nfdi.de/entity/Q1851411"},{"@id":"https://portal.mardi4nfdi.de/entity/Q1599894"},{"@id":"https://portal.mardi4nfdi.de/entity/Q4878308"},{"@id":"https://portal.mardi4nfdi.de/entity/Q5932258"},{"@id":"https://portal.mardi4nfdi.de/entity/Q4858475"},{"@id":"https://portal.mardi4nfdi.de/entity/Q5938495"},{"@id":"https://portal.mardi4nfdi.de/entity/Q1270313"},{"@id":"https://portal.mardi4nfdi.de/entity/Q4486828"},{"@id":"https://portal.mardi4nfdi.de/entity/Q4285310"},{"@id":"https://portal.mardi4nfdi.de/entity/Q3470754"},{"@id":"https://portal.mardi4nfdi.de/entity/Q1375378"},{"@id":"https://portal.mardi4nfdi.de/entity/Q1865969"},{"@id":"https://portal.mardi4nfdi.de/entity/Q1379552"},{"@id":"https://portal.mardi4nfdi.de/entity/Q4550179"},{"@id":"https://portal.mardi4nfdi.de/entity/Q1208007"},{"@id":"https://portal.mardi4nfdi.de/entity/Q1301764"},{"@id":"https://portal.mardi4nfdi.de/entity/Q1297690"},{"@id":"https://portal.mardi4nfdi.de/entity/Q4519804"},{"@id":"https://portal.mardi4nfdi.de/entity/Q1969883"},{"@id":"https://portal.mardi4nfdi.de/entity/Q4946689"},{"@id":"https://portal.mardi4nfdi.de/entity/Q5961756"},{"@id":"https://portal.mardi4nfdi.de/entity/Q1300621"},{"@id":"https://portal.mardi4nfdi.de/entity/Q1613905"},{"@id":"https://portal.mardi4nfdi.de/entity/Q4856982"},{"@id":"https://portal.mardi4nfdi.de/entity/Q4203852"},{"@id":"https://portal.mardi4nfdi.de/entity/Q4514089"},{"@id":"https://portal.mardi4nfdi.de/entity/Q4807087"},{"@id":"https://portal.mardi4nfdi.de/entity/Q4893081"},{"@id":"https://portal.mardi4nfdi.de/entity/Q3427182"},{"@id":"https://portal.mardi4nfdi.de/entity/Q1884228"},{"@id":"https://portal.mardi4nfdi.de/entity/Q3719028"},{"@id":"https://portal.mardi4nfdi.de/entity/Q1963422"},{"@id":"https://portal.mardi4nfdi.de/entity/Q5938498"},{"@id":"https://portal.mardi4nfdi.de/entity/Q4524657"},{"@id":"https://portal.mardi4nfdi.de/entity/Q1600811"},{"@id":"https://portal.mardi4nfdi.de/entity/Q1126740"}]},"provenance":{"prov:generatedAtTime":"2026-01-03T06:52:31Z","prov:wasAttributedTo":"MaRDI Knowledge Graph"}}