{"@context":["https://w3id.org/fdo/context/v1",{"schema":"https://schema.org/","prov":"http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#","fdo":"https://w3id.org/fdo/vocabulary/"}],"@id":"https://fdo.portal.mardi4nfdi.de/fdo/Q666288","@type":"DigitalObject","kernel":{"@id":"https://fdo.portal.mardi4nfdi.de/fdo/Q666288","digitalObjectType":"https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle","primaryIdentifier":"mardi:Q666288","kernelVersion":"v1","immutable":true,"modified":"2026-03-26T17:56:40Z"},"profile":{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"ScholarlyArticle","@id":"https://portal.mardi4nfdi.de/entity/Q666288","name":"Fekete points and convergence towards equilibrium measures on complex manifolds","headline":"Fekete points and convergence towards equilibrium measures on complex manifolds","description":"scientific article; zbMATH DE number 6012918","url":"https://portal.mardi4nfdi.de/entity/Q666288","datePublished":"2012-03-08","author":[{"@id":"https://portal.mardi4nfdi.de/entity/Q351677"},{"@id":"https://portal.mardi4nfdi.de/entity/Q666287"},{"@id":"https://portal.mardi4nfdi.de/entity/Q261528"}],"publisher":[{"@id":"https://portal.mardi4nfdi.de/entity/Q163102"}],"identifier":{"@type":"PropertyValue","propertyID":"doi","value":"10.1007/S11511-011-0067-X","url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/S11511-011-0067-X"},"sameAs":["https://doi.org/10.1007/S11511-011-0067-X"],"comment":"Let \\(L\\) be a holomorphic line bundle on a compact complex manifold \\(X\\) of complex dimension \\(n\\). Let \\((K,\\phi)\\) be a weighted compact subset, i.e., \\(K\\) is a non-pluripolar compact subset \\(K\\) of \\(X\\) and \\(\\phi\\) is a continuous Hermitian metric on \\(L\\). Let \\(\\mu\\) be a probability measure on \\(K\\). If \\(s\\) is a section of \\(kL=L^{\\otimes k}\\), we denote the corresponding pointwise length function by   \\[ |s|_{k\\phi} = |s| e^{-k\\phi}. \\]   It is then an interesting and intensively discussed problem to study the asymptotic behavior of the spaces of global sections \\(s\\in H^0=(X,kL)\\) endowed with either the \\(L^2\\)-norm   \\[ \\|s\\|^2_{L^2(\\mu,k\\phi)} := \\int_X |s|^2_{k\\phi} d\\mu \\]   or the \\(L^\\infty\\)-norm   \\[ \\|s\\|_{L^\\infty(K,k\\phi)} := \\sup_K |s|_{k\\phi}. \\]   We introduce the equilibrium weight of \\((K,\\phi)\\) as   \\[ \\phi_K := \\sup \\big\\{\\psi\\text{ psh weight on }L: \\psi \\leq \\phi\\text{ on }K\\big\\}, \\]   and denote by \\(\\phi_K^*\\) its upper semi-continuous regularization which is a psh weight on \\(L\\) since \\(K\\) is non-pluripolar.     The volume \\(\\mathrm{vol}(L)\\) of \\(L\\) is defined by   \\[ N_k := \\dim H^0(X,kL) = \\mathrm{vol}(L) \\frac{k^n}{n!} + o(k^n). \\]    Assume that \\(L\\) is a big line bundle, i.e., assume that \\(\\mathrm{vol}(L)>0\\). Then the equilibrium measure of \\((K,\\phi)\\) is defined as the Monge-Ampère measure of \\(\\phi_K^*\\) normalized to unit mass:   \\[ \\mu_{eq}(K,\\phi):=\\frac{1}{\\mathrm{vol}(L)} (dd^c \\phi_K^*)^n. \\]   This makes sense as it was shown by the first two authors in [``Growth of balls of holomorphic sections and energy at equilibrium'', Invent. Math. 181, No. 2, 337--394 (2010; Zbl 1208.32020)] that  \\[ \\mathrm{vol}(L) = \\int_X (dd^c \\phi_K^*)^n. \\]    The main goal of the paper under review is to give a general criterion involving spaces of global sections that ensures convergence of probability measures on \\(K\\) of Bergman-type towards the equilibrium measure \\(\\mu_{eq}(K,\\phi)\\). To describe that, we also need the notion of a Fekete configuration, that is a finite subset of points in \\(K\\) maximizing the interpolation problem. Let \\(N:=\\dim H^0(L)\\) and \\(P=(x_1, \\dots, x_N)\\in K^N\\) be a configuration of points in \\(K\\). Then \\(P\\) is said to be a Fekete configuration for \\((K,\\phi)\\) if it maximizes the determinant of the evaluation operator   \\[ \\mathrm{ev}_P: H^0(L) \\rightarrow \\bigoplus_{j=1}^N L_{x_j} \\]   with respect to a given basis \\(s_1, \\dots, s_N\\) of \\(H^0(L)\\), i.e., the determinant   \\[ \\big|\\det\\big(s_i(x_j)\\big)\\big| e^{-(\\phi(x_1) + \\dots + \\phi(x_N))}. \\]  This condition does not depend on the choice of the basis \\((s_i)\\). For each \\(P=(x_1, \\dots, x_N)\\in X^N\\) let  \\[ \\delta_P := \\frac{1}{N}\\sum_{j=1}^N \\delta_{x_j} \\]  be the averaging measure along \\(P\\).  The first main result of the paper under review is an equidistribution theorem for Fekete configurations:     Theorem A. Let \\((X,L)\\) be a compact complex manifold equipped with a big line bundle. Let \\(K\\) be a non-pluripolar compact subset of \\(X\\) and \\(\\phi\\) a continuous weight on \\(L\\). For each \\(k\\) let \\(P_k\\in K^{N_k}\\) be a Fekete configuration for \\((K,k\\phi)\\). Then the sequence \\(P_k\\) equidistributes towards the equilibrium measure as \\(k\\rightarrow \\infty\\), that is   \\[ \\lim_{k\\rightarrow \\infty} \\delta_{P_k} = \\mu_{eq}(K,\\phi) \\]   holds in the weak topology of measures.     There is another way to represent \\(\\mu_{eq}(K,\\phi)\\) in terms of Bernstein-Markov measures. We first need the notion of the Bergman measure. The distortion between the natural \\(L^2\\) and \\(L^\\infty\\)-norms on \\(H^0(L)\\) is locally accounted for by the distortion function \\(\\rho(\\mu,\\phi)\\) whose value at \\(x\\in X\\) is defined by  \\[ \\rho(\\mu,\\phi)(x) = \\sup_{\\|s\\|_{L^2(\\mu,\\phi)}=1} |s(x)|^2_\\phi, \\]  the squared norm of the evaluation operator at \\(x\\in X\\). Then the probability measure  \\[ \\beta(\\mu,\\phi) := \\frac{1}{N} \\rho(\\mu,\\phi)\\mu, \\]  where \\(N=\\dim H^0(L)\\), is called the Bergman measure.  The measure \\(\\mu\\) is called Bernstein-Markov if the growth of the distortion between \\(L^2(\\mu,k\\phi)\\) and \\(L^\\infty(K,k\\phi)\\) norms is subexponential as \\(k\\rightarrow \\infty\\), that is   \\[ \\sup_K \\rho(\\mu,k\\phi) = O\\big(e^{\\epsilon k}\\big)\\text{ for all } \\epsilon>0. \\]  Now then, the Bergman measures converge to the equilibrium measure:     Theorem B. Let \\((X,L)\\) be a compact complex manifold equipped with a big line bundle. Let \\(K\\) be a non-pluripolar compact subset of \\(X\\) and \\(\\phi\\) be a continuous weight on \\(L\\). Let \\(\\mu\\) be a Bernstein-Markov measure for \\((K,\\phi)\\). Then  \\[ \\lim_{k\\rightarrow \\infty} \\beta(\\mu,k\\phi) = \\mu_{eq}(K,\\phi) \\]  holds in the weak topology of measures.  Both Theorem A and B are obtained as special cases of Theorem C below which gives a more general criterion ensuring convergence of Bergman measures to equilibrium in terms of \\(\\mathcal{L}\\)-functionals, first introduced by \\textit{S. K. Donaldson} [``Scalar curvature and projective embeddings. II'', Q. J. Math. 56, No. 3, 345--356 (2005; Zbl 1159.32012); ``Some numerical results in complex differential geometry'', Pure Appl. Math. Q. 5, No. 2, 571--618 (2009; Zbl 1178.32018)].     The \\(L^2\\) and \\(L^\\infty\\) norms on \\(H^0(kL)\\) are described geometrically by their unit balls, which will be denoted by  \\[ \\mathcal{B}^\\infty(K,k\\phi) \\subset \\mathcal{B}^2(\\mu,k\\phi) \\subset H^0(kL). \\]  Fix a reference weighted compact set \\((K_0,\\phi_0)\\) and a probability measure \\(\\mu_0\\) on \\(K_0\\) which is Bernstein-Markov with respect to \\((K_0,\\phi_0)\\). Normalize the Haar measure vol on \\(H^0(kL)\\) by  \\[ \\mathrm{vol}\\mathcal{B}^2(K_0,k\\phi_0)=1, \\]   and introduce the \\(\\mathcal{L}\\)-functionals  \\[ \\mathcal{L}_k(\\mu,\\phi) := \\frac{1}{2kN_k} \\log\\mathrm{vol} \\mathcal{B}^2(\\mu,k\\phi) \\]  and  \\[ \\mathcal{L}_k(K,\\phi) := \\frac{1}{2 k N_k} \\log\\mathrm{vol} \\mathcal{B}^\\infty(K,k\\phi). \\]   For a psh function with minimal singularities \\(\\psi\\), let \\(\\mathcal{E}(\\psi)\\) be the Monge-Ampère energy, characterized as the primitive of the Monge-Ampère operator   \\[ \\frac{d}{dt}|_{t=0^+} \\mathcal{E}(t\\psi_1 + (1-t)\\psi_2)= \\int_X (\\psi_1 -\\psi_2) (dd^c\\psi_2)^n \\]   normalized by \\(\\mathcal{E}(\\phi^*_{0,K_0})\\).  Then the energy at equilibrium of \\((K,\\phi)\\) is  \\[ \\mathcal{E}_{eq}(K,\\phi):= \\frac{1}{\\mathrm{vol}(L)} \\mathcal{E}(\\phi_K^*) \\]   and by Theorem A in [the first two authors, loc. cit.] we have:   \\[ \\lim_{k\\rightarrow \\infty} \\mathcal{L}_k(K,\\phi) = \\mathcal{E}_{eq}(K,\\phi). \\]   If \\(\\mu\\) satisfies the Bernstein-Markov property described above, then also  \\[ \\lim_{k\\rightarrow \\infty} \\mathcal{L}_k(\\mu,\\phi) = \\mathcal{E}_{eq}(K,\\phi). \\]   The key result (implying Theorem A and Theorem B) of the paper under review is as follows:     Theorem C. Let \\((\\mu_k)\\) be a sequence of probability measures on \\(K\\) such that  \\[ \\lim_{k\\rightarrow \\infty} \\mathcal{L}_k(\\mu_k,\\phi) = \\mathcal{E}_{eq}(K,\\phi). \\]  Then the associated Bergman measures satisfy  \\[ \\lim_{k\\rightarrow \\infty} \\beta(\\mu_k,k\\phi) = \\mu_{eq}(K,\\phi) \\]  in the weak topology of measures.  This pretty general statement comprises a lot of classical and more special results and yields some nice applications to interpolation. We refer to the introduction of the paper under review for more details.","citation":[{"@id":"https://portal.mardi4nfdi.de/entity/Q1123293"},{"@id":"https://portal.mardi4nfdi.de/entity/Q3395910"},{"@id":"https://portal.mardi4nfdi.de/entity/Q3644291"},{"@id":"https://portal.mardi4nfdi.de/entity/Q982190"},{"@id":"https://portal.mardi4nfdi.de/entity/Q351678"},{"@id":"https://portal.mardi4nfdi.de/entity/Q1959704"},{"@id":"https://portal.mardi4nfdi.de/entity/Q1415571"},{"@id":"https://portal.mardi4nfdi.de/entity/Q1001394"},{"@id":"https://portal.mardi4nfdi.de/entity/Q2380810"},{"@id":"https://portal.mardi4nfdi.de/entity/Q919554"},{"@id":"https://portal.mardi4nfdi.de/entity/Q1826002"},{"@id":"https://portal.mardi4nfdi.de/entity/Q617885"},{"@id":"https://portal.mardi4nfdi.de/entity/Q4263085"},{"@id":"https://portal.mardi4nfdi.de/entity/Q3606491"},{"@id":"https://portal.mardi4nfdi.de/entity/Q1022826"},{"@id":"https://portal.mardi4nfdi.de/entity/Q1601821"},{"@id":"https://portal.mardi4nfdi.de/entity/Q816225"},{"@id":"https://portal.mardi4nfdi.de/entity/Q980756"},{"@id":"https://portal.mardi4nfdi.de/entity/Q3269561"},{"@id":"https://portal.mardi4nfdi.de/entity/Q3412518"},{"@id":"https://portal.mardi4nfdi.de/entity/Q2456995"},{"@id":"https://portal.mardi4nfdi.de/entity/Q607484"},{"@id":"https://portal.mardi4nfdi.de/entity/Q4829506"},{"@id":"https://portal.mardi4nfdi.de/entity/Q4360405"},{"@id":"https://portal.mardi4nfdi.de/entity/Q3772489"},{"@id":"https://portal.mardi4nfdi.de/entity/Q1431333"},{"@id":"https://portal.mardi4nfdi.de/entity/Q1359224"},{"@id":"https://portal.mardi4nfdi.de/entity/Q919303"},{"@id":"https://portal.mardi4nfdi.de/entity/Q939104"},{"@id":"https://portal.mardi4nfdi.de/entity/Q3057526"},{"@id":"https://portal.mardi4nfdi.de/entity/Q4399451"}]},"provenance":{"prov:generatedAtTime":"2026-03-26T17:56:40Z","prov:wasAttributedTo":"MaRDI Knowledge Graph"}}