{"@context":["https://w3id.org/fdo/context/v1",{"schema":"https://schema.org/","prov":"http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#","fdo":"https://w3id.org/fdo/vocabulary/"}],"@id":"https://fdo.portal.mardi4nfdi.de/fdo/Q454528","@type":"DigitalObject","kernel":{"@id":"https://fdo.portal.mardi4nfdi.de/fdo/Q454528","digitalObjectType":"https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle","primaryIdentifier":"mardi:Q454528","kernelVersion":"v1","immutable":true,"modified":"2026-01-18T20:26:29Z"},"profile":{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"ScholarlyArticle","@id":"https://portal.mardi4nfdi.de/entity/Q454528","name":"Resonance at the first eigenvalue for first-order systems in the plane: vanishing Hamiltonians and the Landesman-Lazer condition","headline":"Resonance at the first eigenvalue for first-order systems in the plane: vanishing Hamiltonians and the Landesman-Lazer condition","description":"scientific article; zbMATH DE number 6092254","url":"https://portal.mardi4nfdi.de/entity/Q454528","datePublished":"2012-10-08","author":[{"@id":"https://portal.mardi4nfdi.de/entity/Q253865"}],"publisher":[{"@id":"https://portal.mardi4nfdi.de/entity/Q180990"}],"comment":"The paper investigates the periodic boundary value problem NEWLINE\\[NEWLINE Ju'=F(t,u),\\qquad u(0)=u(T),\\tag{1} NEWLINE\\]NEWLINE where \\(F:[0,T]\\times \\mathbb R^2\\to \\mathbb R^2\\) has the form NEWLINE\\[NEWLINE F(t,u)=\\gamma (t,u)\\nabla H_0(u)+(1-\\gamma (t,u))\\nabla H_1(u)+r(t,u). NEWLINE\\]NEWLINE Here, \\(J\\) is the standard symplectic matrix, \\(\\gamma (t,u)\\) and \\(r(t,u)\\) are \\(L^2\\)-Carathéodory functions such that \\(0\\leq \\gamma (t,u)\\leq 1\\) and NEWLINE\\[NEWLINE \\lim _{| u| \\to +\\infty }\\frac {r(t,u)}{| u| }=0. NEWLINE\\]NEWLINE It is assumed that \\(H_0\\in \\mathcal P^\\ast \\setminus \\mathcal P\\) and \\(H_1\\in \\mathcal P\\), with \\(H_0(u)\\leq H_1(u)\\) for every \\(u\\in \\mathbb R^2\\), where \\(\\mathcal P^\\ast\\) is the set of nonnegative \\(C^1\\)-functions \\(H\\:\\mathbb R^2\\to \\mathbb R\\) with locally Lipschitz continuous gradient, which are positively homogeneous of degree 2 and \\(\\mathcal P\\) are those functions from \\(\\mathcal P^\\ast\\) which are positive. In particular (1) contains the case of ``double resonance'' involving the first eigenvalue of the linear problem.NEWLINENEWLINELet \\(\\varphi , \\omega \\) satisfy \\(J\\varphi '=\\nabla H_1(\\varphi )\\), \\(H_1(\\varphi (t))=1/2\\), \\(\\omega '=2\\alpha (t)H_0(\\varphi (t+\\omega ))+\\beta (t)-1\\), where \\(\\alpha ,\\beta \\in L^2(0,T)\\) are such that, for almost every \\(t\\in [0,T]\\), \\(\\alpha (t)\\geq 0,\\beta (t)\\geq 0,\\alpha (t)+\\beta (t)\\leq 1\\) and \\(\\alpha (t)+\\beta (t)>0\\).NEWLINENEWLINEThe main result, Theorem 3.2 reads as follows:NEWLINENEWLINEAssume that, for almost every \\(t\\in [0,T]\\) and every \\(u\\in \\mathbb R^2\\) with \\(| u| \\leq 1\\), and for every \\(\\lambda \\geq 1\\), \\(\\langle F(t,\\lambda u)| u\\rangle \\geq \\eta (t)\\) for a suitable \\(\\eta \\in L^2(0,T)\\). Moreover, suppose that the following two conditions hold.NEWLINENEWLINE(i) For every \\(\\xi \\in S^1\\) satisfying \\(H_0(\\xi )=0\\), NEWLINE\\[NEWLINE \\int _0^T\\liminf _{(\\lambda ,\\eta )\\to (+\\infty ,\\xi )}\\langle F(t,\\lambda \\eta )| \\eta \\rangle \\, dt>0. NEWLINE\\]NEWLINENEWLINENEWLINE(ii) For every \\(\\theta \\in [0,T]\\), NEWLINE\\[NEWLINE \\int _0^T\\limsup _{(\\lambda ,\\omega )\\to (+\\infty ,\\theta )}\\left [ \\langle F(t,\\lambda \\varphi (t+\\omega ))| \\varphi (t+\\omega )\\rangle -2\\lambda H_1(\\varphi (t))\\right ]\\, dt<0. NEWLINE\\]NEWLINE Then, problem (1) has a solution.NEWLINENEWLINEThe proof is based on degree theory. This theorem can be seen as a complement to Theorem 2.1 in [\\textit{A. Fonda} and \\textit{M. Garrione}, J. Differ. Equations 250, No. 2, 1052--1082 (2011; Zbl 1227.34037)], where the case when \\(H_0\\) belongs to \\(\\mathcal P\\) has been treated. Section 3 contains also a comparison of the main theorem with results obtained by \\textit{H. Brézis} and \\textit{L. Nirenberg} [Ann. Sc. Norm. Super. Pisa, Cl. Sci., IV. Ser. 5, 225--326 (1978; Zbl 0386.47035)]. In the last section of the paper, two corollaries of the main theorem for the scalar second-order case of the form \\(x''+g(t,x)=0\\) are examined."},"provenance":{"prov:generatedAtTime":"2026-01-18T20:26:29Z","prov:wasAttributedTo":"MaRDI Knowledge Graph"}}