{"@context":["https://w3id.org/fdo/context/v1",{"schema":"https://schema.org/","prov":"http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#","fdo":"https://w3id.org/fdo/vocabulary/"}],"@id":"https://fdo.portal.mardi4nfdi.de/fdo/Q2501079","@type":"DigitalObject","kernel":{"@id":"https://fdo.portal.mardi4nfdi.de/fdo/Q2501079","digitalObjectType":"https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle","primaryIdentifier":"mardi:Q2501079","kernelVersion":"v1","immutable":true,"modified":"2026-04-03T04:29:49Z"},"profile":{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"ScholarlyArticle","@id":"https://portal.mardi4nfdi.de/entity/Q2501079","name":"Strong rigidity of \\(\\text{II}_1\\) factors arising from malleable actions of \\(w\\)-rigid groups. I","headline":"Strong rigidity of \\(\\text{II}_1\\) factors arising from malleable actions of \\(w\\)-rigid groups. I","description":"scientific article; zbMATH DE number 5051179","url":"https://portal.mardi4nfdi.de/entity/Q2501079","datePublished":"2006-09-04","author":[{"@id":"https://portal.mardi4nfdi.de/entity/Q355136"}],"publisher":[{"@id":"https://portal.mardi4nfdi.de/entity/Q163162"}],"identifier":{"@type":"PropertyValue","propertyID":"doi","value":"10.1007/S00222-006-0501-4","url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/S00222-006-0501-4"},"sameAs":["https://doi.org/10.1007/S00222-006-0501-4"],"comment":"The paper under review gives a remarkable answer to a challenging problem concerning type II\\(_1\\) factors, originating in the classical work of \\textit{F. J. Murray} and \\textit{J. von Neumann} [Ann. Math. 44, 716--808 (1943; Zbl 0060.26903)]. For any subgroup \\(S\\subset {\\mathbb R}_+^*\\) the existence of a II\\(_1\\) factor \\(M\\) with fundamental group \\({\\mathcal F}(M)=S\\) is proved. When \\(S\\) is countable \\(M\\) can be chosen to be a separable factor (i.e., \\(M_*\\) is separable). Previous progress was made in 1943 by Murray and von Neumann (proving \\({\\mathcal F}(R)={\\mathbb R}_+^*\\) for the hyperfinite II\\(_1\\) factor \\(R\\)), in 1980 by \\textit{A. Connes} [J. Oper. Theory 4, 151--153 (1980; Zbl 0455.46056)] (proving that \\({\\mathcal F}(M)\\) is countable if \\(M\\) is the von Neumann algebra of a discrete countable ICC group with Kazhdan's property T), in 1987 by \\textit{V. Ya. Golodets} and \\textit{N. I. Nessonov} [J. Funct. Anal. 70, 80--89 (1987; Zbl 0614.46053)] (constructing, for each countable set \\(\\Sigma\\subset {\\mathbb R}_+^*\\), a type II\\(_1\\) factor \\(M\\) with \\({\\mathcal F}(M)\\) countable and \\(\\Sigma\\subset {\\mathcal F}(M)\\)), and very recently by the author [Ann. Math. (2) 163, 809--899 (2006; Zbl 1120.46045)] (for any II\\(_1\\) factor \\(M\\) with a Cartan subalgebra satisfying simultaneously a relative Haagerup type compact approximation property and a relative property T, e.g., \\(M={\\mathcal L}({\\mathbb Z^2} \\rtimes SL_2({\\mathbb Z}))\\), one has \\({\\mathcal F}(M)=\\{ 1\\}\\)).  The class of II\\(_1\\) factors considered here consist of crossed products \\(M=N \\rtimes_\\sigma G\\) with two properties. The first one requires the discrete ICC group \\(G\\) to be { \\(w\\)-rigid} (i.e., to contain an infinite normal subgroup with the relative property T). The second one requires the action \\(\\sigma\\) to be { malleable} and { mixing}. Malleability, as defined by the author [J. Funct. Anal. 230, 273--328 (2006; Zbl 1097.46045)], is related with realizability of the finite von Neumann algebra \\((N,\\tau)\\) as the centralizer \\({\\mathcal N}_\\varphi\\) of a von Neumann algebra with discrete decomposition \\(({\\mathcal N},\\varphi)\\) and with the existence of a { gauged extension} \\(\\tilde{\\sigma}\\) of \\(\\sigma\\) to \\((\\tilde{{\\mathcal N}},\\tilde{\\varphi})=({\\mathcal N}\\otimes {\\mathcal N},\\varphi\\otimes \\varphi)\\) which leaves \\({\\mathcal N}={\\mathcal N}\\otimes 1\\subset \\tilde{{\\mathcal N}}\\) invariant and commutes with a certain action \\(\\alpha\\) of \\({\\mathbb R}\\) on \\(\\tilde{{\\mathcal N}}\\) for which \\(\\alpha_1 ({\\mathcal N}\\otimes 1)=1\\otimes {\\mathcal N}\\). The almost periodic spectrum \\(S({\\mathcal N},\\varphi)\\), given by the pure point spectrum of the modular group \\(\\Delta_\\varphi\\), is a subgroup \\(S(\\tilde{\\sigma})\\subset {\\mathcal F} (N\\rtimes_\\sigma G)\\subset {\\mathbb R}_+^*\\). Moreover, the inclusion \\(M=N\\rtimes_\\sigma G \\subset {\\mathcal N}\\rtimes_{\\tilde{\\sigma}} G\\) generates a family \\(\\text{Aut}_t (M;\\tilde{\\sigma})\\) of \\(t\\)-scaling automorphisms, \\(t\\in S(\\tilde{\\sigma})\\), such that any two of them differ by an inner automorphism of \\(M\\). The embeddings of \\({\\mathcal L}(G)\\) in \\(N\\rtimes_\\sigma G\\) are very rigid, as shown by the following central result in the paper.   Theorem. Let \\(G_i\\) be \\(w\\)-rigid ICC groups, \\(\\sigma_i :G_i \\rightarrow \\text{ Aut} (N_i,\\tau_i)\\) malleable mixing actions with gauged extensions \\(\\tilde{\\sigma}_i\\) and \\(M_i=N_i \\rtimes_{\\sigma_i} G_i\\), \\(i=0,1\\). Let \\(\\theta:M_0 \\cong M_1^s\\) be an isomorphism for some \\(s>0\\). Then there exist unique \\(\\beta_i \\in S(\\tilde{\\sigma}_i)\\) and unique \\(\\theta^i_{\\beta_i} \\in \\text{ Aut}_{\\beta_i} (M_i; \\tilde{\\sigma}_i)\\) such that \\(\\theta^1_{\\beta_1} (\\theta ({\\mathcal L}(G_0)))={\\mathcal L}(G_1)^{s\\beta_1}\\) and \\(\\theta (\\theta^0_{\\beta_0} ({\\mathcal L}(G_0)))={\\mathcal L}(G_1)^{s\\beta_0}\\). Moreover, \\(\\beta_0=\\beta_1\\).   In particular, taking \\(G_i=G\\), \\(\\sigma_i=\\sigma\\), \\(M_i=N\\rtimes _\\sigma G\\) with \\(G\\) a \\(w\\)-rigid group and \\(\\sigma\\) a malleable mixing action, one has   \\[ \\forall s\\in {\\mathcal F}(N\\rtimes _\\sigma G),\\;\\exists t\\in S(\\tilde{\\sigma}),\\;st\\in {\\mathcal F}({\\mathcal L} (G)). \\]   Corollary. Let \\(G\\) be a discrete ICC \\(w\\)-rigid group for which \\({\\mathcal F}({\\mathcal L}(G))=\\{ 1\\}\\), for instance \\(G={\\mathbb Z}^2 \\rtimes SL_2({\\mathbb Z})\\), and \\(\\sigma\\) be a malleable mixing action on \\(N\\). Then \\({\\mathcal F}(N\\rtimes _\\sigma G)=S(\\tilde{\\sigma})\\).  Bernoulli \\(G\\)-shifts (both of classical and Connes-Størmer type) and Bogoliubov shifts provide prominent examples of malleable mixing actions. Classical (commutative) Bernoulli \\(G\\)-shifts \\(\\sigma\\) on \\(\\bigotimes_{g\\in G} {\\mathbb T}\\) only give \\(S(\\tilde{\\sigma})=\\{ 1\\}\\) and \\(\\text{Aut}(M;\\tilde{\\sigma})=\\text{ Inn} (M)\\). Myriads of examples are however produced by Connes-Størmer \\(G\\)-shifts \\(\\sigma\\) on ITPFI factors \\(({\\mathcal N},\\varphi)=\\bigotimes_{g\\in G} (B({\\mathcal H}),\\varphi_0)\\). When the state \\(\\varphi_0\\) is defined by the list of eigenvalues \\(\\{ t_i \\}_i\\), the group \\({\\mathcal F}(N\\rtimes _\\sigma G)=S(\\tilde{\\sigma})\\) coincides with the multiplicative subgroup in \\({\\mathbb R}_+^*\\) generated by the ratios \\(\\{ t_i / t_j\\}_{i,j}\\); thus any subgroup of \\({\\mathbb R}_+^*\\) is effectively realized as the fundamental group of a type II\\(_1\\) factor.","citation":[{"@id":"https://portal.mardi4nfdi.de/entity/Q5606143"},{"@id":"https://portal.mardi4nfdi.de/entity/Q3483487"},{"@id":"https://portal.mardi4nfdi.de/entity/Q584686"},{"@id":"https://portal.mardi4nfdi.de/entity/Q3903544"},{"@id":"https://portal.mardi4nfdi.de/entity/Q5182694"},{"@id":"https://portal.mardi4nfdi.de/entity/Q1215929"},{"@id":"https://portal.mardi4nfdi.de/entity/Q3431895"},{"@id":"https://portal.mardi4nfdi.de/entity/Q1225818"},{"@id":"https://portal.mardi4nfdi.de/entity/Q3261641"},{"@id":"https://portal.mardi4nfdi.de/entity/Q4148168"},{"@id":"https://portal.mardi4nfdi.de/entity/Q1971912"},{"@id":"https://portal.mardi4nfdi.de/entity/Q1860722"},{"@id":"https://portal.mardi4nfdi.de/entity/Q4679397"},{"@id":"https://portal.mardi4nfdi.de/entity/Q1825292"},{"@id":"https://portal.mardi4nfdi.de/entity/Q1820367"},{"@id":"https://portal.mardi4nfdi.de/entity/Q1258497"},{"@id":"https://portal.mardi4nfdi.de/entity/Q819479"},{"@id":"https://portal.mardi4nfdi.de/entity/Q1837894"},{"@id":"https://portal.mardi4nfdi.de/entity/Q4501773"},{"@id":"https://portal.mardi4nfdi.de/entity/Q4746311"},{"@id":"https://portal.mardi4nfdi.de/entity/Q2530947"},{"@id":"https://portal.mardi4nfdi.de/entity/Q3314109"},{"@id":"https://portal.mardi4nfdi.de/entity/Q2469634"},{"@id":"https://portal.mardi4nfdi.de/entity/Q2645085"},{"@id":"https://portal.mardi4nfdi.de/entity/Q2652667"},{"@id":"https://portal.mardi4nfdi.de/entity/Q813928"},{"@id":"https://portal.mardi4nfdi.de/entity/Q5460823"},{"@id":"https://portal.mardi4nfdi.de/entity/Q4869300"},{"@id":"https://portal.mardi4nfdi.de/entity/Q2501080"},{"@id":"https://portal.mardi4nfdi.de/entity/Q2527381"},{"@id":"https://portal.mardi4nfdi.de/entity/Q2536776"},{"@id":"https://portal.mardi4nfdi.de/entity/Q5624220"},{"@id":"https://portal.mardi4nfdi.de/entity/Q2562603"},{"@id":"https://portal.mardi4nfdi.de/entity/Q2555275"},{"@id":"https://portal.mardi4nfdi.de/entity/Q5952643"},{"@id":"https://portal.mardi4nfdi.de/entity/Q2571719"},{"@id":"https://portal.mardi4nfdi.de/entity/Q3687381"}]},"provenance":{"prov:generatedAtTime":"2026-04-03T04:29:49Z","prov:wasAttributedTo":"MaRDI Knowledge Graph"}}