{"@context":["https://w3id.org/fdo/context/v1",{"schema":"https://schema.org/","prov":"http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#","fdo":"https://w3id.org/fdo/vocabulary/"}],"@id":"https://fdo.portal.mardi4nfdi.de/fdo/Q2075855","@type":"DigitalObject","kernel":{"@id":"https://fdo.portal.mardi4nfdi.de/fdo/Q2075855","digitalObjectType":"https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle","primaryIdentifier":"mardi:Q2075855","kernelVersion":"v1","immutable":true,"modified":"2026-04-01T01:14:29Z"},"profile":{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"ScholarlyArticle","@id":"https://portal.mardi4nfdi.de/entity/Q2075855","name":"A characterization of length-factorial Krull monoids","headline":"A characterization of length-factorial Krull monoids","description":"scientific article; zbMATH DE number 7474327","url":"https://portal.mardi4nfdi.de/entity/Q2075855","datePublished":"2022-02-16","author":[{"@id":"https://portal.mardi4nfdi.de/entity/Q178621"},{"@id":"https://portal.mardi4nfdi.de/entity/Q290779"}],"publisher":[{"@id":"https://portal.mardi4nfdi.de/entity/Q168484"}],"comment":"Let \\(H\\) be a commutative semigroup with identity. Denote by \\(H^{\\times}\\) the group of invertible elements of \\(H\\). Call \\(H\\) reduced if \\(H^{\\times} =\\{1\\}\\) and denote by \\(H_{\\mathrm{red}} = \\{aH\\times :a\\in H\\}\\) the associated reduced semigroup. An element \\(u\\in H\\) is said to be cancellative if \\(au=bu\\) implies that \\(a=b\\) for all \\(a,b,u\\in H\\). Call \\(H\\) cancellative if all elements of \\(H\\) are cancellative and call \\(H\\) unit cancellative if whenever \\(a=au\\) we must have \\(u\\in H^{\\times}\\), for all \\(a,u\\in H\\). In a welcome break from the past here's the enunciation found on page 1351 of the paper under review: ``Throughout this paper, a monoid means a commutative and unit-cancellative semigroup with identity''. Indeed, as Example 2.2 of the paper under review shows there are non-cancellative monoids that are unit cancellative. Here's another enunciation at the beginning of the paper saying, ``By an atomic monoid, we mean a commutative unit-cancellative semigroup with identity in which every non-invertible element is a finite product of irreducible elements. The monoids we have in mind stem from ring and module theory.'' (Here \\(a\\in H\\) is ``irreducible'' if \\(a=xy\\), for \\(x,y\\in H\\), implies \\(x\\in H^{\\times}\\) or \\(y\\in H^{\\times})\\). An atomic monoid \\(H\\) may be ``half factorial'' if every pair of (atomic) factorizations have the same length. The authors call \\(H\\) ``length factorial'' if for each \\(a\\in H\\) every pair of distinct (atomic) factorizations have distinct lengths. ``Thus, an atomic monoid is factorial if and only if it is half-factorial and length factorial.''  A Krull monoid may be defined in a manner similar to Krull domains as: The monoid \\(H\\) is a Krull monoid if there is a family \\(\\{v_{i\\in I}\\}\\) of discrete valuations of \\(\\langle H\\rangle\\) such that \\(S\\) is the intersection of valuation semigroups of the \\(v_{i}\\), and for every \\(x\\in H\\), \\(|\\{i\\in I|v_{i}(x)>0\\}|<\\infty\\). By \\(\\mathcal{F}(P)\\), for \\(P\\) a set, we usually mean the free monoid generated by elements of \\(P\\). The elements of \\(\\mathcal{F}(P)\\) are of the form \\(a=\\prod p^{v_{g}(a)}\\) where \\(v_{g}(a)\\in N\\cup \\{0\\}\\). Also for \\(P\\subseteq \\langle H\\rangle\\), \\(B(P)=\\{B\\in \\mathcal{F}(G)| \\sum_{g\\in P}v_{g}(B)g=0\\in \\langle H\\rangle\\}\\). Then comes the main theorem:  Let \\(H\\) be a Krull monoid. Then \\(H=H^{\\times}\\times \\mathcal{F} (P_{0})\\times H^{\\ast}\\), where \\(P_{0}\\) is a set of representatives of prime elements of \\(H\\), \\(\\mathcal{F}(P_{0})\\times H\\ast \\approxeq H_{\\mathrm{red}}\\), and \\( H^{\\ast}\\) is a reduced Krull monoid without primes. The class groups \\(C(H)\\) of \\(H\\) and \\(C(H^{\\ast})\\) of \\(H^{\\ast }\\) are isomorphic, and \\(H\\) is length-factorial if and only if \\(H^{\\ast}\\) is length-factorial.  Let \\(G_{P^{\\ast}}\\subset C(H^{\\ast})\\) denote the set of classes containing prime divisors. Then \\(H\\) is length-factorial but not factorial if and only if every class of \\(G_{P^{\\ast}}\\) contains precisely one prime divisor, \\(H^{\\ast} \\approxeq B(G_{P^{\\ast}})\\), \\(G_{P^{\\ast}} = \\{e_{1,1},\\dots ,e_{1,t},e_{2,1},\\dots ,e_{2,t},\\dots ,e_{k,1},\\dots ,e_{k,t},g_{1},\\dots ,g_{k},e_{0,1},\\dots ,e_{0,t},g_{0}\\}\\), and  \\[ C(H^{\\ast}) = \\langle e_{1,1},\\dots ,e_{1,t},g_{1}\\rangle \\bigoplus \\dots\\bigoplus \\langle e_{k,1},\\dots ,e_{k,t},g_{k}\\rangle \\approxeq (\\mathbb{Z}^{t}\\bigoplus \\mathbb{Z}/n\\mathbb{Z})^{k}, \\]  where \\(t\\in N_{0}\\), \\(k,s_{0},s_{1},\\dots,s_{t}\\in \\mathbb{N}\\) with \\(k+1\\neq s_{0}+s_{1}+\\dots+s_{t}\\geq 2\\), independent elements \\(e_{1,1},\\dots,e_{1,t}, e_{2,1},\\dots,e_{2,t},\\dots,e_{k,1},\\dots,e_{k,t} \\in C(H^{\\ast})\\) of infinite order and independent elements \\(g_{1},\\dots ,g_{k}\\in C(H^{\\ast})\\), which are of infinite order in case \\(t>0\\) and of finite order for \\(t=0\\); \\(s_{0}\\) is the smallest integer such that \\(s_{0}g_{i}\\in \\langle e_{i,1},\\dots ,e_{i,t}\\rangle\\) and \\(-s_{0}g_{i} = s_{1}e_{i,1}+\\dots +s_{t}e_{i,t}\\) for every \\(i\\in \\lbrack 1,k]\\); \\(e_{0,j} = - \\sum_{i=1}^{k}e_{i,~j}\\) for all \\(j\\in \\lbrack 1,t]\\), \\(g_{0} =- \\sum_{i=1}^{k}g_{i}\\) and \\(n = \\gcd (s_{0},\\dot,s_{t})\\).  Moreover, \\(C(H^{\\ast})\\) is a torsion group if and only if \\(t=0\\) and in that case we have \\(C(H^{\\ast})\\approxeq (\\mathbb{Z}/n\\mathbb{Z})^{k}\\), where \\(n>2\\), \\(k\\in N\\) with \\(k+1\\neq n\\), and \\(\\mathrm{ord}(g_{i}) = n\\) for all \\(i\\in \\lbrack 1,k]\\).","citation":[{"@id":"https://portal.mardi4nfdi.de/entity/Q803211"},{"@id":"https://portal.mardi4nfdi.de/entity/Q473106"},{"@id":"https://portal.mardi4nfdi.de/entity/Q493773"},{"@id":"https://portal.mardi4nfdi.de/entity/Q4923956"},{"@id":"https://portal.mardi4nfdi.de/entity/Q5680265"},{"@id":"https://portal.mardi4nfdi.de/entity/Q1238871"},{"@id":"https://portal.mardi4nfdi.de/entity/Q3628781"},{"@id":"https://portal.mardi4nfdi.de/entity/Q2664483"},{"@id":"https://portal.mardi4nfdi.de/entity/Q3086064"},{"@id":"https://portal.mardi4nfdi.de/entity/Q5858904"},{"@id":"https://portal.mardi4nfdi.de/entity/Q1879982"},{"@id":"https://portal.mardi4nfdi.de/entity/Q5894341"},{"@id":"https://portal.mardi4nfdi.de/entity/Q1858219"},{"@id":"https://portal.mardi4nfdi.de/entity/Q3424802"},{"@id":"https://portal.mardi4nfdi.de/entity/Q4649084"},{"@id":"https://portal.mardi4nfdi.de/entity/Q5236596"},{"@id":"https://portal.mardi4nfdi.de/entity/Q3436763"},{"@id":"https://portal.mardi4nfdi.de/entity/Q1883014"},{"@id":"https://portal.mardi4nfdi.de/entity/Q2664601"},{"@id":"https://portal.mardi4nfdi.de/entity/Q4594963"},{"@id":"https://portal.mardi4nfdi.de/entity/Q3637545"},{"@id":"https://portal.mardi4nfdi.de/entity/Q2335498"},{"@id":"https://portal.mardi4nfdi.de/entity/Q2393586"},{"@id":"https://portal.mardi4nfdi.de/entity/Q989076"},{"@id":"https://portal.mardi4nfdi.de/entity/Q5200682"},{"@id":"https://portal.mardi4nfdi.de/entity/Q5173125"},{"@id":"https://portal.mardi4nfdi.de/entity/Q5380261"},{"@id":"https://portal.mardi4nfdi.de/entity/Q1998715"},{"@id":"https://portal.mardi4nfdi.de/entity/Q4639010"},{"@id":"https://portal.mardi4nfdi.de/entity/Q351098"},{"@id":"https://portal.mardi4nfdi.de/entity/Q2297048"},{"@id":"https://portal.mardi4nfdi.de/entity/Q3436777"},{"@id":"https://portal.mardi4nfdi.de/entity/Q4198895"},{"@id":"https://portal.mardi4nfdi.de/entity/Q5027478"},{"@id":"https://portal.mardi4nfdi.de/entity/Q2197204"},{"@id":"https://portal.mardi4nfdi.de/entity/Q5115894"},{"@id":"https://portal.mardi4nfdi.de/entity/Q847953"},{"@id":"https://portal.mardi4nfdi.de/entity/Q2509251"},{"@id":"https://portal.mardi4nfdi.de/entity/Q4039904"},{"@id":"https://portal.mardi4nfdi.de/entity/Q3743446"},{"@id":"https://portal.mardi4nfdi.de/entity/Q2823138"},{"@id":"https://portal.mardi4nfdi.de/entity/Q1165296"},{"@id":"https://portal.mardi4nfdi.de/entity/Q2826747"},{"@id":"https://portal.mardi4nfdi.de/entity/Q4261228"},{"@id":"https://portal.mardi4nfdi.de/entity/Q2346784"},{"@id":"https://portal.mardi4nfdi.de/entity/Q1775477"},{"@id":"https://portal.mardi4nfdi.de/entity/Q2575647"},{"@id":"https://portal.mardi4nfdi.de/entity/Q2295754"},{"@id":"https://portal.mardi4nfdi.de/entity/Q3577784"},{"@id":"https://portal.mardi4nfdi.de/entity/Q2826751"},{"@id":"https://portal.mardi4nfdi.de/entity/Q3714219"},{"@id":"https://portal.mardi4nfdi.de/entity/Q1743625"}]},"provenance":{"prov:generatedAtTime":"2026-04-01T01:14:29Z","prov:wasAttributedTo":"MaRDI Knowledge Graph"}}